INDONESIA-KOREA PARTNERSHIP: TOWARDS EFFECTIVE INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH COLLABORATION
| Mohammed Ali Berawi | |
| 섬네일을 만드는 중 오류 발생: 섬네일 변수가 잘못되었습니다
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| Name in Latin Alphabet: | Mohammed Ali Berawi |
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| Nationality: | Indonesia |
| Affiliation: | Professor. University of Indonesia, Faculty of Engineering |
목차
Abstract
International collaborative research brings various advantages for its collaborator, namely for few, having better access to expertise and sharing equipment and resources. These advantages may be pivotal for interdisciplinary research and an important related aspect to the development of expertise and research capabilities. Globalization and Asia Pacific Community is likely to increase in the number, size and diversity of collaborative research projects. Thus, effectiveness of collaborative research depends critically on the strength of networking between research partners and across research disciplines.
Furthermore, effective, sustainable, and successful partnerships require cohesion among their members, common goals and objectives, effective communication, and parity among partners. Achieving this requires a purposeful, concerted effort, based on mutual benefits and key principles around which the partnership revolves.
Introduction
Indonesia as one of the most populous country in the world is home to more than 248 million people that living in over 18,000 islands across the country. Compared to other countries in Southeast Asia, Indonesia has robust GDP growth between 5 to 6 percent over a decade. Indonesia GDP is about US$ 870.3 million with US$ 10,157 GDP per capita as shown in Table 1 (World Economic Forum – Human Capital Report, 2015).
| Country | Population(Millions) | GDP/capita(constant ’11 US$, PPP) | GDP(US$ billions) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cambodia | 15.6 | 3,282 | 15.7 |
| Lao PDR | 7.0 | 4,999 | 10.0 |
| Vietnam | 93.3 | 5.621 | 170.6 |
| Thailand | 67.4 | 14,443 | 387.2 |
| Malaysia | 30.6 | 24.521 | 312.4 |
| Singapore | 5.6 | 81,346 | 295.7 |
| Korea | 49.7 | 35,485 | 1,221.8 |
| Indonesia | 255.7 | 10,157 | 870.3 |
An increased trend for the past 20 years from 0.471 in 1980 to 0.684 in 2013 of Human Development Index (HDI) shows a significant improvement of long and healthy life, access to knowledge and standard of living. This figure of Indonesia HDI with 0.684 is still above the average of 0.614 for medium level countries yet below the average of 0.703 for countries in East Asia such as Korea, Japan and other countries in the Pacific region (UNDP, 2014).
The Indonesia’s government is currently improving education system by providing 20% national budget allocation for education. It is expected to improve the quality at all levels of education towards global standard. According to Directorate General of Higher Education (2012), there are 683 units of research group in public universities and more than 3,019 units spread across private universities in Indonesia. This huge numbers is vessel to produce human resource and innovative technology for the country. Indonesia’s government also providing assistance through operational grants, 30% of research cost must be allocated for public universities to improve its education. This budget increases with significant amount, from 2.9 trillion rupiah in 2013 to 4.55 trillion rupiah in 2015.
On the other hand, Indonesia is continuing to improve research outputs through scientific publications and patents. The detail comparison of patent inquiry among ASEAN countries can be seen in Table 2.
| No | Country | International Patent | Domestic Patent | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | ||
| 1 | Indonesia | 7 | 16 | 13 | 684 | 795 | 777 |
| 2 | Malaysia | 224 | 350 | 263 | 1,263 | 1,275 | 1,136 |
| 3 | Philippines | 21 | 14 | 21 | 668 | 759 | 822 |
| 4 | Singapore | 593 | 641 | 661 | 750 | 895 | 1,056 |
| 5 | Thailand | 20 | 72 | 67 | 2,241 | 2,452 | 2,161 |
| 6 | Vietnam | 5 | 9 | 18 | 524 | 521 | 493 |
Source: WIPO and Patent Office of Targeted Country, 2013
In term of publication, Indonesia is placed 58 in rank with H-index 140 in 2014 (Scientific Journal Ranking, 2015). H – Index is a composite index consist of 5 indicator: (1) documents (2014 only), (2) citable documents, (3) citations, (4) self-citations, (5) citations per document. The more detail comparison of publication is shown in Table 3.
| Rank | Country | Documents | Citable Documents | Citations | Self-Citations | Citation per Document | H-Index |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 19 | South Korea | 72,269 | 68,140 | 30,859 | 9,608 | 0.43 | 424 |
| 27 | Singapore | 17,198 | 16,086 | 12,554 | 2,921 | 0.73 | 349 |
| 39 | Thailand | 12,061 | 11,394 | 4,007 | 1,057 | 0.33 | 213 |
| 51 | Malaysia | 25,330 | 24,503 | 7,234 | 3,121 | 0.29 | 165 |
| 57 | Philippines | 1,767 | 1,619 | 781 | 188 | 0.44 | 147 |
| 58 | Indonesia | 5,499 | 5,341 | 1,383 | 411 | 0.25 | 140 |
| 61 | Vietnam | 3,519 | 3,347 | 1,442 | 371 | 0.41 | 133 |
| 117 | Cambodia | 275 | 250 | 251 | 42 | 0.91 | 65 |
One of the strategies to improve Indonesia education performance is through international collaboration. Academic collaboration program aims not only to increase research performance and output but also to fulfill education needs in Indonesia through leveraging mutual capabilities. These collaboration programs contribute to international experience and global perspectives for students and faculty members.
Education and Research in Universitas Indonesia
Universitas Indonesia (UI) is a public university with main campus located in Depok, West Java. Universitas Indonesia is the oldest tertiary-level educational institution in Indonesia and considered as the best university in Indonesia (QS World University Ranking, 2015). The university consists of 13 faculties, 1 graduate program and 1 vocational program that cover 58 undergraduate, 6 profession program, 68 master programs, 37 doctoral programs and 11 vocational programs.
The university focused in three academic groups consists of health; science and technology; and social science and humanities. The vision of Universitas Indonesia as a research university has been determined in addressing national and global issues through strengthening research and community engagement.
Research Areas
A path towards Research University has been initiated by developing a strong research culture through capacity building, quality improvement and increased productivity. Directorate Research and Community Engagement (DRPM), Universitas Indonesia is responsible in managing research, industrial collaboration and community services. Its missions are (1) to increase excellence in research and community engagement with international standard; (2) to sustain three pillars of tertiary education (Tridarma Perguruan Tinggi) through improvement of research culture and quality as well as community engagement; (3) to strengthen research excellence and community engagement towards Universitas Indonesia as a leading research university.
The cluster of research excellence in Universitas Indonesia consists of following themes:
- Health and Medicine
- Genome Technology
- Nano & Advanced Science Technology
- Information Communication Technology
- Infrastructure, Energy and Maritime technology
- Economics, Law and Policy
- Social Science, Humanities and Indigenous Studies
These themes are expected to be accelerated via research and community service collaboration with national and international institutions. Total budget allocated for research and community services for 2015 reached 160 billion rupiah. The funding consists of two type of research; research excellence programs and research – sponsored programs.
Directorate Research and Community Engagement, Universitas Indonesia has been supported and partnered with various government ministries and departments, national and international donors, educational and research institution as well as industries sector to deliver programs for research and community development. Collaboration is our means to disseminate research and to engage a broader impact in project implementation by combining expertise and experience among partners.
Collaboration with national and international such as Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Research and Technology, USAID, AUSAID, United Nation Environment Programme (UNEP), U.S. Civilian Research and Development Foundation (CRDF) and many others have been conducted to produce significant output for both academic purpose and community benefits. Previous research collaboration in Universitas Indonesia is shown in Table 4.
| No | Research Title | Collaboration With National and International Institution |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Mobil Listrik Nasional (MOLINA) |
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| 2 | HIV-1 Vaccine |
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| 3 | Lithium Battery for Electric cars |
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| 4 | Commercialization of Propolis Candy |
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| 5 | PEER Health |
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| 6 | Problem Based Learning for STEM Undergraduate Students |
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| 7 | Sharia – Compliant Financing in Infrastructure |
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| 8 | Toothpaste Packaging Impact to Toothbrush Frequency |
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| 9 | Climate Mitigation and Sustainable Buildings Promotion |
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| 10 | Monitoring and Evaluation of Biosafety and Biosecurity |
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| 11 | Solar-aided Air-conditioning System |
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Community Service
Accumulated knowledge and experiences in community services is significant for Universitas Indonesia to contribute in solving nation and global challenges. Community services activities includes following programs:
- Capacity development
- Aims to improve economic performance in urban and rural areas
- Partnership program
- Aims to improve networking more effectively with various stakeholders from business, government institutions and communities.
- Independent Business Program
- It designed to assist businesses, from small and medium enterprises.
- Incubator and Business Consultation
- Intended to produce, encourage and support entrepreneurship, particularly technology-based value creation.
Existing Collaboration between Universitas Indonesia and Korea’s University
Universities have a critical role to play, in the sharing of knowledge with innovative firms and industries. Industry–university partnerships, increasing the ratio of university participation in various R&D programs is desirable from the viewpoint of innovation policy. It has been indicated by increasing research and development spending in South Korea in last recent decades.
Universitas Indonesia has been working together with Korea’s institution and produces 16 partnerships agreement with Korea’s university. Most of the agreements reach Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) and Area of Interest (AoI). The partnership is shown in the following table (International Office Universitas Indonesia, 2015).
Opportunities in Mutual Partnership and Collaboration
The collaboration can be strengthened by mutual partnership and agreements to address major national and global challenges. The research collaboration is intended as a catalyst to develop major activities to explore and exercise potential collaborative research areas. This initiative will then creates an opportunities for academics and researchers to work together to produce research outputs in terms of publication and international research funding as shown in Figure 1.
Conclusion
International academic partnership plays an important role in creating and improving the capacity of staff and students in both Indonesia and Korea institutions. Through the flow of knowledge exchanges from both countries, in which the nation’s academic and advanced research leadership is created and sustained, the quality of teaching, research, and outreach is expected to be increased.
Interdisciplinary research collaboration, constitutes with common vision and values, is projected to contribute to the advancement of both nations’ development and international community.
