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==[[Understanding Korea materials - Hangeul: Foreword|Foreword]]==
 
==[[Understanding Korea materials - Hangeul: Foreword|Foreword]]==
  
==[[Understanding Korea materials - Hangeul: Acknowledgments|Acknowledgments]]==
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==[[Hangeul - Acknowledgments|Acknowledgments]]==
  
 
==[[Hangeul - Korean Language and Hangeul in East Asia|Korean Language and Hangeul in East Asia]]==
 
==[[Hangeul - Korean Language and Hangeul in East Asia|Korean Language and Hangeul in East Asia]]==

2016년 12월 13일 (화) 15:03 판

Foreword

Acknowledgments

Korean Language and Hangeul in East Asia

Transcription of Korean Using Chinese Characters

The Creation of Hunminjeongeum

King Sejong and Hunminjeongeum

The Design Principles of Hunminjeongeum Letters

The Phonological Features of the 28 Letters of Hunminjeongeum

Letter Usage


Changes of Hangeul

Changes in the Name: From Hunminjeongeum to Hangeul

When King Sejong first created the Korean alphabet system, its name was Hunminjeongeum. The meaning of it is described in the commentary section of the preface of Hunminjeongeum written by King Sejong in Hunminjeongeum eonhae:

Hunminjeongeum is the proper sound for the education of the people.

At around the same period, another name for the new script invented by King Sejong, Jeongeum (Proper Sounds), can be found, confirmed in Jeong Inji’s preface included in Hunminjeongeum haerye. This can be found in the fourth entry of Sejongsillok Volume 113 recorded on Lunar September 29, 1446 as well:

In the winter of the Year of the Rooster [1443], our King created 28 letters, explained them with simple examples and meanings and named them Hunminjeongeum.

<img width="259" height="321" alt="image" src="UKS 시리즈_1권_한글(Hangeul)_영어/Image_043.png"/>

<Figure 9> Hunminjeoneum eonhae

Jeongeum is presumed to be a contracted form of Hunminjeongeum, and the meaning can be found in the preface of Seokbosangjeol at the beginning of Chapter One of Worin seokbo.

Jeongeum means proper sound, since this script transcribes our language correctly and exactly, it is called Jeongeum.

Besides Hunminjeongeum and Jeongeum, King Sejong’s new script was called Eonmun (Vernacular Script). Eonmun is often misunderstood as a derogatory term for Hunminjeongeum created by King Sejong, but the following records in Sejongsillok prove otherwise:

This month the King created 28 Eonmun letters personally. (in Sejongsillok Volume 102, dated Lunar December 30, 1443)
Isn’t this Eonmun for the convenience of the people? (in Sejongsillok Volume 103, dated Lunar December 30, 1444)

In the first example, the output created by King Sejong was called Eonmun. If Eonmun was a derogatory term for Hunminjeongeum, it could not be used. The second example is the rebuttal of King Sejong to Choe Manri, who appealed against the usage of Hunmingeongeum after the king invented it. It also does not make sense that the king would use the term Eonmun to disparage his own invention. Therefore, Eonmun can simply be used to distinguish it from Classical Chinese.

<img width="250" height="319" alt="image" src="UKS 시리즈_1권_한글(Hangeul)_영어/Image_044.jpg"/>

<Figure 10> The Preface of Seokbosangjeol

In short, the official title given at the time of King Sejong’s creation was Hunminjeongeum, and it was sometimes written as Jeongeum. Eonmun was not an official name and should be regarded as a type of colloquial expression, indicating the script itself was used as a counterpart to define Classical Chinese. However, later on Eonmun became the most popular term.

Toward the end of the 19th century, Joseon’s national identity grew as the country underwent its modernization process. The Joseon Dynasty carried out various reforms and modernized the country. A new term, Gukmun (national script), emerged at this time. Examples of this term’s use are found in Gojongsillok (The Veritable Records of King Gojong).

For the General Exam, all subjects including Gukmun, Classical Chinese, Calligraphy, Mathematics, National Political Affairs, International Affairs, National Affairs and Foreign Relations will be tested. (in Gojongsillok Volume 32, dated Lunar July 12, 1894)
Article 14: All Laws and Decrees are to be primarily written in Gukmun, and Classical Chinese translation can be added or Gukmun and Classical Chinese can be written together. (in Gojongsillok Volume 32, dated Lunar November 21, 1894)

Gukmun can here be understood literally as “national script.” So this term implies Joseon’s pride as an independent country with a native script. But the term Gukmun did not survive long after that. With the demise of the Korean Empire in 1910 after Japan’s attack, the word ‘Guk’ (nation) came to represent ‘Japan’. Evidently, Gukeo (national language) and Gukmun also became representative of the Japanese language and Japanese scripts, not the Korean language and Korean scripts.

With this historical backdrop, a new name, ‘Hangeul’, surfaced. Hangeul is a word made up of two words, ‘Han’ meaning either “Great” or “One” and ‘geul’ meaning “writing.” Unlike the names used in past, Hunminjeongeum, Jeongeum, Eonmun, and Gukmun, which were all Sino-Korean word, Hangeul is purely native Korean words. Ju Sigyeong (1876~1914), the first known Korean linguist, and his students are credited for coining the term Hangeul. Hangeulmo Jukbogi, the minutes of the foundation meeting of their research group, Joseon Eonmun Society, introduces the term Hangeul.

1:00 PM, March 13, 1913 … the name of our group will be changed to ‘Hangeulmo’ (Hangeul Society)

After this, the term Hangeul gradually disseminated until the name of Korean native script became Hangeul.

Changes of Letters


History of Hangeul Usage

Records Written in Hangeul

Establishment of Korean Orthography

The Script Reform: Mixed Script to Hangeul-only Script


Hangeul Now

Endnote

Reference

Glossary

Eonmuncheong (諺文廳) The Vernacular Script Commission
Gangyeongdogam (刊經都監) The General Directorate for the Publishing of Sutra
Gukmun Yeonguso (國文硏究所) Research Institute of National Scripts
Hangeulmo (한글모) Hangeul Society
Jeongeumcheong (正音廳) The Proper Sounds Commission
Jiphyeonjeon (集賢殿) The Academy of Worthies
Joseon Eonmun Societ (朝鮮諺文會) Korean Vernacular Script Research Society
Joseoneo Hakhoe (朝鮮語學會) Korean Language Research Society
Sejong Gyosil (世宗敎室) King Sejong Class
Sejong Hakdang (世宗學堂) King Sejong Institute
Byeongseo (竝書) Horizontal Combination
Chajapyogi (借字表記) Borrowing Chinese characters transcription
Eonmun (諺文) The Vernacular Script
Gakja Byeongseo (各字竝書) Horizontal Doubling Combination
Gugyeol (口訣) One of borrowing Chinese characters transcriptions
Gukeo (國語) National language
Gukmun (國文) National script
Hangeul (한글) The native Korean writing system, literally Great Scripts or One Scripts
Hanja (漢字) Chinses characters
Hapyong Byeongseo (合用竝書) Horizontal Combination of Different Letters
Hunminjeongeum (訓民正音) Correct Sounds for the Instruction of the People
Hyangchal (鄕札) One of borrowing Chinese characters transcriptions
Hyangga (鄕歌) The vernacular poetries of the Shilla period
Idu (吏讀) One of borrowing Chinese characters transcriptions
Imjinwaeran (壬辰倭亂) The Korean-Japanese war during 1592~1598
Jeongeum (正音) Proper Sounds
Samjae (三才) Three Powers, namely Heaven, Earth, and Man.
Yeonseo (連書) Vertical Combination
Beonyekbaktongsa (飜譯朴通事) The Translated Baktongsa
Beonyeoknogeoldae (飜譯老乞大) The Translated Nogeoldae
Beonyeoksohak (飜譯小學) The Translated Lesser Learning
Botonghakgyoyong Eonmun Cheoljabeop (普通學校用 諺文綴字法) The Korean Spelling System for Elementary Education
Botonghakgyoyong Eonmun Cheoljabeop Daeyo (普通學校用 諺文綴字法 大要) The outline of Korean Spelling System for Elementary Education called
Bunryudugongbusieonhae (分類杜工部詩諺解) A book of translated poems of Tu Fu (Dobu in Korean)
Cheophaesineo (捷解新語) A book for quickly learning Japanese conversation
Choseonghae (初聲解) Explanation of Initial Sounds
Daehakeonhae (大學諺解) The Translated Great Leaning
Dongnip sinmun (獨立新聞) The Independent
Eonmum Chuljabeop (諺文綴字法) The Korean Spelling System
Eumsikdimibang A cookbook
Gojongsillok (高宗實錄) The Veritable Records of King Gojong
Gugeupbangeonhae (救急方諺解) A medical reference book with first-aid techniques for various diseases and injuries
Gukmun Yeongu Euijeongan (國文硏究議定安) A report on the current issues regarding Gukmun presented by eight researchers of Gukmun Yeonguso
Haeryepyeon (解例篇) Section of Explanations and Examples
Hangeul Machumbeop Tongilan (한글 마춤法 統一案) The Standardized Hangeul Writing System
Hangeulmo Jukbogi (한글모 죽보기) The document recording the full account of the founding general meeting of Hangeulmo
Hapjahae (合字解) Explanation on Combining Methods of the Letters
Hunminjeongeum eonhae (訓民正音 諺解) Korean Translation of Hunminjeongeum haerye
Hunminjeongeum haerye (訓民正音 解例) Explanation and Examples of the Correct Sounds for the Instruction of the People
Hunmongjahoe (訓蒙字會) The Teaching Materials for Mastering Chinese Characters for Children
Jejahae (制字解) The Explanation of Letter Design
Jongseonghae (終聲解) Explanation of Terminal Sounds
Jungseonghae (中聲解) Explanation of Medial Sounds
Jungyongeonhae (中庸諺解) The Translated Doctrine of the Mean
Juyeokeonhae (周易諺解) The Translated Rites of Zhou
King Seonjo’s Gukmun Yuseo (宣祖國文諭書) A conciliatory letter written by King Seonjo
Maengjaeonhae (孟子諺解) The Translated Mencius
Myeongeuirok (明義錄) The book explaining the fairness of King Jeongjo’s political decisions in the latter half of Joseon
Myeongeuirokeonhae (明義錄諺解) The Annotation of Myeonguirok
Noneoeonhae (論語諺解) The Translated Confucian Analects
Odaesan Sangwonsa Jungchang Gwonseonmun (五臺山 上院寺 重創 勸善文) The Letter Calling for Donations for the Repair of Sangwon Temple in the Odae Mountains
Samganghaengsildo (三綱行實圖) A compilation of worthy anecdotes about loyal subjects, filial sons and virtuous wives from Joseon and China
Samgyeong (三經) The Three Classics
Saseo (四書) The Four Books
Sejongsillok (世宗實錄) The Veritable Records of King Sejong
Seogyeongeonhae (書經諺解) The Translated Book of Documents
Seokbosangjeol (釋譜詳節) Documents the family tree and life of Buddha
Seongho saseol (星湖僿說) Collected Works of Seongho
Seoyugyeonmun (西遊見聞) Observations on a Journey to the West
Sigyeongeonhae (詩經諺解) The Translated Classic of Poetry
Sohak (小學) The Lesser Learning
Sukmyeongsinhancheop (淑明宸翰帖) The collection of 67 letters Sukmyeong gongju received from her family members
The Hangyeore (한겨레신문) The Hankyoreh
Worincheongangjigok (月印千江之曲) Songs of the Moon’s Imprint on a ThousandRivers
Worinseokbo (月印釋譜) Moon’s Reflection on the Buddha’s Genealogy
Wumayangjeoyeomyeokchiryobang (牛馬羊猪染疫病治療方) The Veterinary Remedies for Livestock
Yeonbyeongjinam (練兵指南) A guideline for military training
Yeuipyeon (例義篇) Section of Examples and Definitions
Yongbieocheonga (龍飛御天歌) The Song of the Dragons Flying Through Heaven
Yongjarye (用字例) Examples of Word Usage
Yugyeonggimininyuneum (諭京畿民人綸音) King’s words or leters to the people of Gyeonggi Province
Sinjeong Gukmun (新訂國文) New Edition of the National Wrting

표 샘플2

No. Photos Sources
1 Royal Portrait of King Sejong Royal Portrait Museum / Mr. Seo Jae-sik
2 Hunminjeongeum haerye Gansong Art Museum / Mr. Seo Jae-sik
3 Hunminjeongeum eonhae Sogang University Loyola Library / Mr. Seo Jae-sik
4 The Preface of Seokbosangjeol Sogang University Loyola Library
5 Hangeulmo Jukbogi Hangeul Hakhoe / Mr. Seo Jae-sik
6 Yongbieocheonga Kyujanggak Institute for Korean Studies at Seoul National University
7 Seokbosangjeol National Library of Korea / Mr. Seo Jae-sik
8 Worincheongangjigok MiraeN
9 Bunryudugongbusieonhae Gyeonggi Provincial Museum
10 Samganghaengsildo Kyujanggak Institute for Korean Studies at Seoul National University
11 Odaesan Sangwonsa Jungchang Gwonseonmun Woljeongsa Museum
12 Hunmongjahoe National Library of Korea / Mr. Seo Jae-sik
13 Hunmongjahoe’s commentary section Korea University Library
14 Beonyekbaktongsa National Assembly Library of Korea
15 Wumayangjeoyeomyeokbyeongchiryobang Kyujanggak Institute for Korean Studies at Seoul National University
16 The Letter Excavated from Yi Eungtae’s Grave Andong National University Museum
17 King Seonjo’s Gukmun Yuseo Busan Museum / Mr. Seo Jae-sik
18 Yeonbyeongjinam National Library of Korea / Mr. Seo Jae-sik
19 Cheophaesineo National Library of Korea / Mr. Seo Jae-sik
20 Sukmyeongsinhancheop Cheogju National Museum
21 Myeongeuirokeonhae National Library of Korea / Mr. Seo Jae-sik
22 Yugyeonggimininyuneum Jangseogak at the Academy of Korean Studies
23 A Contract Deed for Dealing in Farmland written in Hangeul Hangeul Museum (Mido Museum)
24 Seoyugyeonmun Seoul National University Library / Mr. Seo Jae-sik
25 Dongnip Sinmun Kyujanggak Institute for Korean Studies at Seoul National University / Mr. Seo Jae-sik
26 Ahn Sang-soo’s Front Gate Graphic Designer Ahn sang-soo
27 Designer Lie Sang bong’s Work Yonhap News
28 Hangeul Educational Robot Yonhap News

Sources

Photos Sources
Royal Portrait of King Sejong Royal Portrait Museum / Mr. Seo Jae-sik
Hunminjeongeum haerye Gansong Art Museum / Mr. Seo Jae-sik
Hunminjeongeum eonhae Sogang University Loyola Library / Mr. Seo Jae-sik
The Preface of Seokbosangjeol Sogang University Loyola Library
Hangeulmo Jukbogi Hangeul Hakhoe / Mr. Seo Jae-sik
Yongbieocheonga Kyujanggak Institute for Korean Studies at Seoul National University
Seokbosangjeol National Library of Korea / Mr. Seo Jae-sik
Worincheongangjigok MiraeN
Bunryudugongbusieonhae Gyeonggi Provincial Museum
Samganghaengsildo Kyujanggak Institute for Korean Studies at Seoul National University
Odaesan Sangwonsa Jungchang Gwonseonmun Woljeongsa Museum
Hunmongjahoe National Library of Korea / Mr. Seo Jae-sik
Hunmongjahoe’s commentary section Korea University Library
Beonyekbaktongsa National Assembly Library of Korea
Wumayangjeoyeomyeokbyeongchiryobang Kyujanggak Institute for Korean Studies at Seoul National University
The Letter Excavated from Yi Eungtae’s Grave Andong National University Museum
King Seonjo’s Gukmun Yuseo Busan Museum / Mr. Seo Jae-sik
Yeonbyeongjinam National Library of Korea / Mr. Seo Jae-sik
Cheophaesineo National Library of Korea / Mr. Seo Jae-sik
Sukmyeongsinhancheop Cheogju National Museum
Myeongeuirokeonhae National Library of Korea / Mr. Seo Jae-sik
Yugyeonggimininyuneum Jangseogak at the Academy of Korean Studies
A Contract Deed for Dealing in Farmland written in Hangeul Hangeul Museum (Mido Museum)
Seoyugyeonmun Seoul National University Library / Mr. Seo Jae-sik
Dongnip Sinmun Kyujanggak Institute for Korean Studies at Seoul National University / Mr. Seo Jae-sik
Ahn Sang-soo’s Front Gate Graphic Designer Ahn sang-soo
Designer Lie Sang bong’s Work Yonhap News
Hangeul Educational Robot Yonhap News

About the Author

Lee, Ji-young


Majored in Korean Linguistics. Associate Professor of Korean Linguistics at the Academy of Korean Studies. Currently researching the historical changes of the Korean language and is greatly interested in examining the characteristics of Korean from a typological perspective. Publications include The Historical Change of Verbal Negation in Korean, Korean Vocabulary in the Japanese Colonial Period: Receiving a Foreign Culture through Language (Co-authored), “The Characteristics of Dictionnaire Coréen-Français from View Point of the History of Korean Lexicography,” “The Formation of the Sentence-Final Ending ‘-chi’ from the View Point of Clause Combining,” “The Acceptance of Foreign Geographical Name in Korea: On the Geographical Books on the World from late 19th century to early 20th century,” and so on.